Johannes, F.; Porcher, E.; Teixeira, F.K. Rhee, Y.; Sekhon, R.S. In. The probable inheritance of the Makapuno character of the coconut. ; Somchit, M.N. Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals, You can make submissions to other journals. ; Banzon, J.A. The manuscript was conceptualized and the manuscript’s draft and revisions were written by J.G.C.A., J.P.L., E.D.P. ; et al. In Proceedings of the International Coconut Biotechnology Symposium, CICY, Merida, Mexico, 1–5 December 1997. VCO has properties that are beneficial for human health, as shown by studies related to chronic inflammation, osteoporosis, blood pressure control, nitric oxide deactivation, sugar level control, wound healing, and studies in rat models testing for analgesic and antipyretic characteristics [, The coconut fruit is a fibrous drupe and is made up of three main layers: The most external exocarp layer is smooth and varies in color from green to red-brown, the middle mesocarp layer has a white and tough texture in the young coconut and becomes the fibrous husk as the coconut ripens, and the most internal endocarp layer has a hard, strong shell and encloses the kernel or endosperm. These nutrients are used for many purposes. CAS#: 8001-31-8 Coconut Endosperm is coconut water, not to be confused with coconut milk, which is harvested from the flesh of fully developed coconuts. [, Thomas, G.V. ; Laude, R.P. ; Dedhia, N.; McCombie, W.R.; Agier, N.; Bulski, A.; et al. Philippine Genome Center—Program for Agriculture, Livestock, Forestry and Fisheries, Office of the Vice-Chancellor for Research and Extension, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, 4031 Laguna, Philippines, Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños 4031 Laguna, Philippines, Philippine Coconut Authority—Albay Research Center, Guinobatan, 4503 Albay, Philippines, Biochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture and Food Science, University of the Philippines Los Baños, Los Baños, 4031 Laguna, Philippines. ; Sousa, C.N.S. Lauria, M.; Rossi, V. Epigenetic control of gene regulation in plants. Variations in leaf morphology and DNA methylation following in vitro culture of, Berdasco, M.; Alcázar, R.; García-Ortiz, M.V. Nathanael, W.R.N. Acta (BBA) Gene Regul. Zhang, X.; Yazaki, J.; Sundaresan, A.; Cokus, S.; Chan, S.W.-L.; Chen, H.; Henderson, I.R. Saensuk, C.; Wanchana, S.; Choowongkomon, K.; Wongpornchai, S.; Kraithong, T.; Imsabai, W.; Chaichoompu, E.; Ruanjaichon, V.; Toojinda, T.; Vanavichit, A.; et al. It is the most common type. ; Naganeeswaran, S.; Rachana, K.E. ; Borromeo, T.; Cedo, M.L.O. (iii)Draw a diagram of a mature dicot embryo and label cotyledons, plumule, radicle and hypocotyl in it. These inflorescences are 109 cm in length and 61 cm wide [, Based on observations from the Philippine Coconut Authority—Albay, the possibility of obtaining a Lono nut from a Laguna Tall tree ranges from 0 to 25%. Tammes (1955) and Child (1974) outlined the development of the coconut plant and its endosperm (Figure1) [1,6]. ; Ballestar, E.; Fernández, A.F. ; Jerard, B.A. In Proceedings of the 10th International Conference: Fat and Oil Industry, Kiev, Ukraine, 23–25 November 2011. ; Zuraini, A.; Sulaiman, M.R. We further cite the epigenetic basis of an altered endosperm phenotype of a closely related species to the coconut, the oil palm. ; Shinn, P.; Pellegrini, M.; Jacobsen, S.E. Nutrients are stored in the cotyledon and endosperm tissue. Then by the process of cytokinesis, it partly changes into cellular endosperm. Public Health, Variability in Content and Composition of Fatty Acids in Coconut Oil Due to Genetic and Environmental Factors, Boletim Centro de Pesquisa de Processamento de Alimentos, Evid.-Based Complement. ; Ali, N.M.; Yusof, H.M.; Ho, W.Y. Kartha, A.R.S. Coconut meat is cellular endosperm. Cokus, S.J. Variability in fatty acid and triacylglycerol composition of the oil of coconut (, Naresh Kumar, S. Copra, oil and fatty acid database. The development of the endosperm of Cocos nucifera of Palmae deserves special mention. ; Macedo, D.; Vasconcelos, S.M.M. Hu, L.; Li, N.; Xu, C.; Zhong, S.; Lin, X.; Yang, J.; Zhou, T.; Yuliang, A.; Wu, Y.; Chen, Y.-R.; et al. ; Giovannoni, J.J.; Seymour, G.B. Biophys. Yeap, S.K. Juliano, J.B. ; Long, K. Antistress and antioxidant effects of virgin coconut oil in vivo. More on the endosperm, from Handbook of the Coconut 2019, TetraPak Coconut water is the liquid endosperm found in the cavity of the nut. ; Nair, R.V. Thailand, there are 3 major groups of coconut which are ‘Nam Hom’ (fragrant liquid endosperm), ‘Nam Wan’ (sweet and non-fragrant liquid endosperm), and the group to be processed for coconut milk. ; pp. Naresh Kumar, S. Capillary gas chromatography method for fatty acid analysis of coconut oil. The coconut soft-endosperm variants, the Makapuno and the Lono, are emerging as economically important. The coconut soft-endosperm variants, the Makapuno and the Lono, are emerging as economically important. Cellular endosperm development becomes visible in nuts about 6 months old, at which stage a thin coating of jelly-like endosperm tissue is seen around the periphery of the large embryo-sac cavity. De la Peña, C.; Nic-Can, G.; Ojeda, G.; Herrera-Herrera, J.L. ; Pellegrini, M.; Jacobsen, S.E. ; Aguilar, E.A. Three types of endosperms are identified depending on the mode of development of the endosperm: nuclear type, cellular type, and helobial type endosperms. Evolutionary origins . ; Chandler, V.L. Differentiate between perisperm and endosperm, giving one example of each. Rev. ; Karun, A. Armero, A.; Baudouin, L.; Bocs, S.; This, D. Improving transcriptome, Saha, B.; Sircar, G.; Pandey, N.; Gupta Bhattacharya, S. Mining novel allergens from coconut pollen employing manual, Ong-Abdullah, M.; Ordway, J.M. Coconut embryo culture. Med. Mol. LoSchiavo, F.; Pitto, L.; Giuliano, G.; Torti, G.; Nuti-Ronchi, V.; Marazziti, D.; Vergara, R.; Orselli, S.; Terzi, M. DNA methylation of embryogenic carrot cell cultures and its variations as caused by mutation, differentiation, hormones and hypomethylating drugs. ; Rajamohan, T. Virgin coconut oil supplemented diet increases the antioxidant status in rats. those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publisher and the editor(s). ; Laurena, A.C.; Mendioro, M.S. Why does endosperm development precede embryo development in angiosperm seeds ? ; Manahan, M. The nutritive value of green, ripe and sport coconuts (buko, niyog and Makapuno). The water has been found to contain substances which stimulates the growth of plants. Give the characteristic features of endosperm of coconut. We also detected CESP in coconut endosperm during seed development and in different varieties of coconut using immunochemistry. Zakrzewski, F.; Schmidt, M.; Van Lijsebettens, M.; Schmidt, T. DNA methylation of retrotransposons, DNA transposons and genes in sugar beet (, Rival, A.; Jaligot, E.; Beulé, T.; Finnegan, E.J. ; Ananda, K.S. Mendoza, E.M.T. ; Tanurdžić, M.; Lippman, Z.; Jiang, H.; Carrasquillo, R.; Rabinowicz, P.D. ; Stumpf, P.K. For the purification of CESP, eighty grams of fully matured coconut kernel was used and the entire purification procedure was carried out at 4°C and the total enzyme activity and protein concentration at each level of purification was estimated. ; Rajamohan, T. Effect of topical application of virgin coconut oil on skin components and antioxidant status during dermal wound healing in young rats. 67–75. Isolation and characterization. This manuscript presents the critical enzymes involved in plant epigenetics and provide examples on the various occurrences of altered methylation in plants that are either naturally-occurring or affected by tissue culture leading to phenotypic changes. ; Jaligot, E. Variations in genomic DNA methylation during the long-term in vitro proliferation of oil palm embryogenic suspension cultures. ; Bhavyashree, U.; Sajini, K.K. (a)The embryo development … Comprehensive molecular characterization of tissue-culture-derived, Devaux, P.; Kilian, A.; Kleinhofs, A. Anther culture and. 35–40. Zambiazi, R.; Przybylski, R.; Zambiazi, M.; Mendonca, C. Fatty acid composition of vegetable oils and fats. Khan, A.R. ; Xu, K.; Liu, B. DNA cytosine methylation in plant development. Shimron-Abarbanell, D.; Breiman, A. ; Jiang, N.; Ooi, S.-E.; Kok, S.-Y. ; Santos, G.A. Methods For the purification of CESP, eighty grams of fully matured coconut kernel was used and the entire purifica-tion procedure was carried out at 4°C and the total enzyme activity and protein concentration at each level of purification was estimated. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. Arunima, S.; Rajamohan, T. Effect of virgin coconut oil enriched diet on the antioxidant status and paraoxonase 1 activity in ameliorating the oxidative stress in rats—A comparative study. Epigenetics in plant tissue culture. Torres, J. Triantaphyllopoulos, K.A. Shotgun bisulphite sequencing of the. Balleza, C.F. During development, the cotyledon feeds off the coconut's meat, or endosperm, to create the nutrients necessary to grow the roots and shoots of a new plant. Galactomannan degrading enzymes in maturing normal and makapuno and germinating normal coconut endosperm. Feng, S.; Jacobsen, S.E. Law, J.A. ; de Guzman, E.V. The endosperm of coconut is made up of coconut water which is free-nuclear stage and white kernal is cellular endosperm. ; et al. 41–48. ; Manuel, G.C. The endosperm tissue undergoes successive nuclear divisions. This review describes this crop, its salient endosperm phenotypes and the prevailing hypotheses associated with these. ; Altabella, T.; Buisine, N.; Quesneville, H.; et al. Rillo, E.P. Biol. Tangwatcharin, P.; Khopaibool, P. Activity of virgin coconut oil, lauric acid or monolaurin in combination with lactic acid against. The statements, opinions and data contained in the journals are solely Alwee, S.S.; Van der Linden, C.G. The xenia effect has been found in dates, maize and coconuts [, The Makapuno nut is classified into three types based on the appearance of the solid and liquid endosperms, with type A having the same thickness as the normal and its liquid endosperm being slightly viscous, type B with a thicker solid endosperm having a soft inner layer and a very viscous, translucent liquid endosperm, and type C having the thickest solid endosperm and a soft inner proliferating layer filling up the whole cavity while its liquid endosperm is almost non-existent and is replaced by an oily semi-solid endosperm [, Depending on the study, proteins, fats, and sugars levels were similar or different between Makapuno and the normal coconut endosperm [, The characteristic viscous and jelly-like Makapuno endosperm is generally attributed to the increased galactomannan content compared to the normal coconut and depends on the developmental stage [, Two forms of AGAL were also observed by Mujer et al., (1984) [, Recently, Dela Cruz et al., (2013) reported the cloning of partial cDNAs from normal and Makapuno coconut solid endosperms [, The Lono cultivar is a high-value, soft-endosperm coconut [, Lono trees are about 6–6.5 m tall and measures 91 cm in its stem while its trunk’s diameter is 1 m from the base of the plant. ; Alitheen, N.B. Plant. The coconut is often called the “Tree of Life” since it yields fruit almost every month and its different parts like the copra (dried meat of the coconut seed) and coconut oil from the matured coconut kernels are of economic interest [, In plants, the double fertilization process yields seeds that contain a diploid embryo (2n) and a triploid endosperm (3n), which serves as a nutrient resource for the germinating embryo in the cereal and coconut monocots and persists in the mature seed [, Tammes (1955) and Child (1974) outlined the development of the coconut plant and its endosperm (, Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is highly composed of medium chain triglycerides and has recently been popular due to its potential health benefits. ; Samsudeen, K.; Patil, P.D. ; pp. [Delhi 2009] ... Endosperm development precedes embryo development. ; Lemmon, B.E. ; Feng, S.; Zhang, X.; Chen, Z.; Merriman, B.; Haudenschild, C.D. This in vitro method most likely influences DNA methylation levels, leading to altered phenotypes. Application of Tissue Culture Techniques for Vegetative Propagation, Help us to further improve by taking part in this short 5 minute survey, Screening of EMS-Induced Drought-Tolerant Sugarcane Mutants Employing Physiological, Molecular and Enzymatic Approaches, Selection of Salicylic Acid Tolerant Epilines in, Soil Moisture Mapping Using Multi-Frequency and Multi-Coil Electromagnetic Induction Sensors on Managed Podzols, Shaping Plant Adaptability, Genome Structure and Gene Expression through Transposable Element Epigenetic Control: Focus on Methylation, The Regulatory Functions of Epigenetic Mechanisms in Plants, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The mite causes scarring in the growing nuts especially 2–3 months before maturation stage since the mite inhabits the basal portion of the nut below the perianth. Samonte, J.L. It is a popular natural drink in areas where coconut are grown. In, Huang, Y.-Y. Knowledge of these epigenomic changes contributing to the Makapuno and Lono phenotypes will assist researchers and breeders towards targeted breeding and selection. Intahphuak, S.; Khonsung, P.; Panthong, A. Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antipyretic activities of virgin coconut oil. Endosperm accounts for the economic importance of cereal grains and oilseeds. By the third month of fruit development, there are small quantities of coconut water. ; Lee, C.H. Bender, J. DNA methylation and epigenetics. Al-Dous, E.K. When the fruit is about 50 mm long the embryo sac remains filled with a watery fluid or milk containing free nuclei and fine cytoplasmic particles. ; Bugayong, V.J.D. Rajesh, M.K. Then by the process of cytokinesis, it partly changes into cellular endosperm. Zuniga, L.C. ; Manaf, M.A.A. ; Rimando, T.J. and R.P.L. ; pp. The nucleus divides repeatedly into at last 128 nuclei. ; Ramirez, D.A. Plant. ; Muralidharan, K.; Kumaran, P.M.; Rao, E.V.V.B. ; Shah, S.M. Independent origins of cultivated coconut (. Hence, a coconut has many uses and applications throughout its various stages of development, which is why it is present in daily diets all over the world, in one form or another. Los Banos. ; Brown, R.C. In Proceedings of the Plant and Animal Genome XXVI Conference, San Diego, CA, USA, 13–17 January 2018. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best experience. Achievements of breeding for resistance to root (wilt) disease in coconut. The cytology of coconut endosperm was studied from tender nuts from an ordinary tall variety of coconut palm. Fatty acid biosynthesis in the developing endosperm of. Devakumar, K.; Jerard, B.A. Improved root growth in embryo and seedlings culture of coconut ‘Makapuno’ by the incorporation of charcoal in the growth medium. ; Chaluvadi, S.; Pontaroli, A.C.; DeBarry, J.; et al. ; Espadas, F.; Santamaría, J.M. ; Sarpan, N.; Azimi, N.; Hashim, A.T.; Ishak, Z.; Rosli, S.K. Explain. ; Al-Sadi, A.M.; Hu, S.; et al. Peredo, E.L.; Ángeles Revilla, M.; Arroyo-García, R. Assessment of genetic and epigenetic variation in hop plants regenerated from sequential subcultures of organogenic calli. In, Niral, V.; Jerard, B.A. Gas chromatography analysis reveal that this Lono-derived oil has 93.2% saturated and 6.8% unsaturated fatty acids. Mutation of a major CG methylase in rice causes genome-wide hypomethylation, dysregulated genome expression, and seedling lethality. De Guzman, E.V. Acoraceae has cellular endosperm development while other monocots are helobial. Fatty acid composition of the oil from progressively maturing bunches of coconut. Genome sequence of the date palm, Masoudi-Nejad, A.; Narimani, Z.; Hosseinkhan, N. De novo assembly algorithms. ; Finnegan, J. ; Irshad, M. Immediate and transgenerational regulation of plant stress response through DNA methylation. Xiao, Y.; Xu, P.; Fan, H.; Baudouin, L.; Xia, W.; Bocs, S.; Xu, J.; Li, Q.; Guo, A.; Zhou, L.; et al. Epigenetics of long-term somatic embryogenesis in, Jaligot, E.; Adler, S.; Debladis, É.; Beulé, T.; Richaud, F.; Ilbert, P.; Finnegan, E.J. ; Ramirez, D.A. The coconut plant begins flowering five years after planting and does so at monthly intervals. [. J.P.L. Eriophyid mite infestation is prevalent in India [, The occurrence of the Lono endosperm phenotype and its relatively high fatty acid profile, might have occurred by spontaneous mutation [. This amount increases and reaches the maximum when the nut is 7-9 months old. There are various efforts to sequence the coconut genome (, From the NCBI-BioProject database, there are three registered coconut genome projects, namely in Hainan Tall (China) (Accession Number: PRJNA374600) [, To date, no published literature on coconut epigenetics is available. ; López-Torres, A.; Wrobel, K.; Robert-Díaz, M.L. ; George, B.; Al-Mahmoud, M.E.
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