51 Experimental design procedures (DOE) have been conducted to determine the effects of kingpin inclination angle and wheel offset on various steering system performance measures. If you change one you can't help but change the other. The ‘Steering Axis’ is the axis around which the wheel assembly swivels as it turns to the right or left. Combined angle is equal to camber plus kingpin inclination. Camber is defined as the tilt of car wheels from vertical.Camber is also called a “Wheel rake”. It’s formed by drawing a line through the upper and lower ball joint pivots. For each performance metric, a 2-variable (KPIA and wheel offset), 5-level DOE was performed using the full factorial matrix for a total of 25 tests for each performance metric. The most likely cause for SAI being out is bent parts which must be replaced to correct the condition. Where as excessive toe-out of wheels, results in reduced understeer and greater increase in steering during cornering. JSTOR is part of ITHAKA, a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. Governor and its type – Centrifugal Governor and Inertia Governor, Perpetual motion machine of first kind with example, First law of thermodynamics for closed system, Types of Wheel – Disc wheel, Wire wheel, Light Alloy cast Wheel, Aluminium Alloys, Magnesium Alloys, Difference between Torque and Power in vehicle with example, Mechanical properties of metals – Elasticity, Plasticity, Ductility, Brittleness, Malleability, Toughness , Hardness. For example, pay attention to the wheels on the shopping cart at your local supermarket. ©2000-2021 ITHAKA. The Ultimate Handling Guide Part VIII: Understanding Your Caster, King Pin Inclination and Scrub. NaCoMM-2007-106. On most modern designs, the kingpin angle is set relative to the tru… Under normal practice, around 7 to 8 degrees of inclination is provided to the king pin. However, dissimilar to KPI, the effect is opposite from side to side. Understanding what caster does and how to use it is a powerful tool in the box of a suspension tuner. In the first drawing we have a stock 5/1 wheel offset with a 28” tall tire. In AWD and FWD cars, you want to try to limit the scrub radius to less than 2” because it increases the effects of torque steer. The smaller the scrub radius is the less feedback to the wheel you get. Theory of Machines (HTM) CASTOR, CAMBER and KING PIN INCLINATION HTM21 Year 2 study Features Bench top unit simulating vehicle front steering arrangement Very visual unit Rolling road can be turned manually Variation of Castor, Camber, King Pin Inclination Accurate adjustment using protractors and flexible joints Many adjustments can be made to vary results … King pin inclination is defined as the inclination of the king pin from vertical.In modern cars where the king pin has been replaced by the ball joint this term has also been renamed as “Steering axis inclination” and is defined as the inclination of the ball joint axis from the vertical. The kingpin inclination also contributes to the scrub radius of the steered wheel, the distance between the centre of the tyre contact patch and where the kingpin axis intersects the ground. Scrub radius is positive if king pin Axis meets the tyre centre line below the ground.In this case wheel tend to toe out. The tire model used in this study is a linear tire model, and estimates of tire force coefficients were obtained as an average of several published estimates of medium-duty truck tires. You will notice signs of kingpin and bushing failure from incorrect vehicle alignment, premature and uneven front tire wear, and rough handling. Steering Axis Inclination (SAI) is also known as King Pin Inclination (KPI). Today we look at kingpin inclination angle, known as KPI or KPA. King Pin Inclination The angle between the vertical line and center of the king pin or steering axle, when view from front vehicle, is known as king pin inclination. 7.16 and 7.17, we can see that if kingpin is introduced first, undesirable positive camber results from steering but if castor is then added in, negative camber is introduced. 110, Section 2: JOURNAL OF COMMERCIAL VEHICLES (2001). In a rear wheel drive vehicle, the tractive force of vehicle pushes the suspension cross member and body forward during drive.Thus the forward tractive force acts at the point on the road where king pin axis meets when projected and the road resistance acts at the wheel contact point on road.The distance between these two points is called as Scrub radius. SAE International's charitable arm is the SAE Foundation, which supports many programs, including A World In Motion® and the Collegiate Design Series. King Pin Inclination and Caster. It reduces tyre wear also. This angle is designed to give a certain kingpin inclination relative to camber. Scrub radius is negative when king pin Axis meets the tyre centre line above the ground.In this case, wheel tend to toe in. The larger the scrub radius is the more feedback and shock load you get. Castor is defined as the angle between the kingpin centre line and vertical in the plane of the wheel. Because the kingpin or ball-joints forms a pivot around which the steering knuckles rotate when you turn the wheels. SAE International is a global association of more than 128,000 engineers and related technical experts in the aerospace, automotive and commercial-vehicle industries. Toe-in is defined as amount by which the front wheels are set closer together at the front than at the rear when the vehicle is stationary. NaCoMM-2007-106. About 3 mm of Toe-in is provided in the front wheels. If the king pin centre line meets the ground at a point ahead of vertical Centre line then it is known as Positive Caster. The effect of kingpin inclination angle and wheel offset on various vehicle performance metrics such as steering effort, vehicle handling, and steering system vibration is described in this paper. If the kingpin axis intersection point is outboard of the center of the contact patch, it … If the king pin centre line meets the ground at a point behind the vertical centre line, it us called Negative Caster. This means there is less than half an inch between the king pin inclination line and the tire center line where the tire contacts the road. Combined angle or Included angle is defined as the angle between the wheel Central line and the king pin centre line. It is very necessary to have some inclination of King Pin as it allow the straight ahead recovery after taking a turn, thus providing directional stability.When the vehicle takes a turn, the inclination of King Pin causes the vehicle body to move up, in relation to the wheels.So as soon as the steering wheel is left after the turn is completed, the weight of the vehicle tends to return the wheels to the straight ahead position. You can check out our video below to find out the factors related to Steering geometry. All Rights Reserved. Camber should not generally exceed 2° in the wheels so that when the vehicle is loaded the camber automatically reduces zero. King-pin/ball joints (along with caster) provide directional stability in vehicles. By Mike Kojima. Similarly in negative camber tyres tend to toe in a little and wear from inner side of tyre. Toe-out is defined as the amount by which front wheels are set closer together at the rear than at the front when the vehicle is stationary. Therefore, with symmetric geometry, the effect of right steer will roll the car to the left causing a diagonal weight shift. The KPIA was allowed to take on values of 6.25°, 7.0°, 7.75°, 8.5°, and 9.25°. Under normal practice Castor angle is kept around 2 to 3 Degrees. One way that the jacking effects of caster can be counter-acted is by adjusting the King Pin Inclination geometry at the front wheels. Some road feel in the steering wheel is a good thing. A simple ADAMS model of a medium-duty … 000. Read Online (Free) relies on page scans, which are not currently available to screen readers. In case of positive camber, as the vehicle turns, the outside suspension ends to rise on the wheel. 2"| Page" Figure"2:Less caster,lesscaster"lead " " Figure2b:Greatercaster,greatercasterlead % When%cornering,% Z Á ] P Z v } v ] v P P [ } u ] v } Z } v ] v P ( } X d Z } v ] v P This is because KPI geometry also creates a jacking effect but in the opposite direction to that of caster. This is the inclination inwards at the top of the king pin towards the center of the kart, and it is aimed at counter-acting the jacking effect of the castor: at the same time it helps to produce a stronger joint, which will be able to withstand higher shearing forces. They exist on anything that has wheels on the bottom of it. 50. The scrub radius is shown at the bottom at .427”. With rigid-axle suspension systems, the inclination of the kingpin does not vary under the effect of load and the vertical jolting of the vehicle, providing there is no axis deformation, in independent suspension systems, however, the load and vertical jolting of the vehicle cause both the wheel camber and the kingpin inclination to vary to the same degree, as the kingpin forms a single … For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The effect of kingpin inclination angle and wheel offset on various vehicle performance metrics such as steering effort, vehicle handling, and steering system vibration is described in this paper. The king pin inclination relative to castor is very significant in relation to the change of effective camber on lock, that is as the tyre to road sees it, not as the chassis sees it. While no current-era automobile front suspension incorporates a physical king pin, the angle of the pivot points of the steering knuckle constitute a "virtual king pin" about which the wheels turn. This is a completely STOCK geometry system! © 2001 SAE International Fig. King pin angle, virtual or physical, is sometimes referred to as it's acronym KPA, or alternatively king pin inclination (KPI), or steering axis inclination, SAI. Most likely, these wheels will have a positive caster because they were made to help you keep the cart straight as you push it. If we now compare the effects in Figs. If these points coincide, the scrub radius is zero. Largely a consquence of packaging, KPI does provide a degree of self centreing … This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. Caster angle, similar to KPI, causes the wheel to rise and fall as well. 10(b), (c) and (d) show the pin surface after pin-on-disk measurements under constant load conditions with lubricants of distilled water, HA solution in PBS and diluted BCS, respectively. Caster effects don’t just exist on cars. Excessive toe-in of the wheel results in decreased oversteer and increased directional stability. Scrub radius is maintaned around 12 millimetres. The front axle consists of an idealized solid axle suspension with suspension system components represented by rigid bodies. It is thus possible to specify a combination of castor angle and king-pin inclination for these two effects to be balanced out, with the unexpected result that low-speed steering may actually be made lighter by an increase in castor angle, contrary to what you would normally expect. To access this article, please, Vol. There are five main factors related to Steering geometry. This means that if the camber angle is adjustable within the pivot points the scrub radius can be changed, this alters the width and offset of the tires on a vehicle. This means there is less than half an inch between the king pin inclination line and the tire center line where the tire contacts the road. King-pin inclination (KPI) is greater on most karts than on most cars, and is the inward lean of the king-pins (up, towards the centreline of the kart). SAE Transactions It is known as the kingpin inclination or the steering axis inclination. To determine the effects of caster angle and kingpin inclination angle on the above-mentioned handling metrics, the design of experiments (DOE) has been carried out. A simple ADAMS model of a medium-duty truck has been developed for this study. While running of vehicle, this inclination of the wheel inwards and outwards causes the tire to wear more on one side than the other. It is very necessary to have some inclination of King Pin as it allow the straight ahead recovery after taking a turn, thus providing directional stability.When the vehicle takes a turn, the inclination of King Pin causes the vehicle body to move up, in relation to the wheels.So as soon as the steering wheel is left after the turn is completed, the weight of the vehicle tends to … Positive lifting of the car tends to increase the self-aligning torque whereas … 49. That is the power of caster. The purpose of providing castor is to give a Trailing effect to the front wheels.This Trailing effect allows the vehicle to easily straight ahead recovery. The results of each DOE study provide a measure of the sensitivity of each performance metric to the individual and combined effects kingpin inclination angle and wheel offset. A full factorial DOE for a 2-variable (caster angle and KPIA) and 5-level simulation was done to understand the trend of the output parameters. The wheel offset was allowed to take on values of 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5 inches. NaCoMM-2007-106. The effect of kingpin inclination angle and wheel offset on various vehicle performance metrics such as steering effort, vehicle handling, and steering system vibration is described in this paper. The Ultimate Handling Guide Part 8: Understanding Your Caster, King Pin Inclination and Scrub. However, steering axis inclination is the line passing thru' the center of the king-pin/ball joints that tilts inwards (towards the center of the vehicle). Scrub radius is zero when king pin axis meets the tyre centre line on the ground.In this case wheel keep straight position without any tendency to toe and toe out.In this position steering is called centre point steering. SAI is also referred to as KPI (King Pin Inclination) on trucks and old cars with king pins instead of ball joints. NaCoMM-2007-106. Effect :It is reduces steering effort particularly when vehicle is stationary. JSTOR®, the JSTOR logo, JPASS®, Artstor®, Reveal Digital™ and ITHAKA® are registered trademarks of ITHAKA. Experiencing these symptoms while driving may result in a shaking cab or steering wheel. SAE International's core competencies are life-long learning and voluntary consensus standards development. When the wheel returns to straight ahead position, the weight of the vehicle presses down on the steering axis and this helps straighten the wheel.This causes the wheel to toe out a little and tyre wear is more on the outer side. With a personal account, you can read up to 100 articles each month for free. King-pin inclination vs Caster: Caster angle forms when the steering axis line crosses the road contact ahead of the vertical line. There is no kingpin inclination in the figure. A wheel is said to have a Positive camber if top of the wheel is tilts out. Buy Red Giant VFX King Pin Tracker (Download) featuring Planar Tracking within After Effects, Add Objects and Signs into a Shot, Pin a Bumper Sticker to a Moving Car, Pin Non-Rectangular Objects, Modify a House into a Castle, Add Scar, Tattoo, Digital Makeup Effects, Remove or Replace Objects and Props, Quality Motion Blur and Render Engine. A wheel is said to have a Negative Camber if top of the wheel is tilts in. 10(a) is the pin surface before measurements, Fig. Improper lubrication of kingpin bushings can cause kingpin contact points to begin to wear at the steering knuckle. This virtual king pin angle remains a fundamental design parameter. Steering Axis Inclination. Under normal practice, combined angle is kept around 10 degrees. Request Permissions. If you change one you ca n't help but change the other Conditions sae Transactions © 2001 sae International Permissions. Driving may result in a shaking cab or steering wheel on trucks and old cars with king pins of. 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