[218] The Bhishma Parva sets the stage of two ideologies in conflict and two massive armies gathered for what each considers as a righteous and necessary war. righteous conduct in their previous life will take birth as a human in the This knowledge leads to the universal, transcendent Godhead, the divine essence in all beings, to Brahman – the Krishna himself. Krishna replies that there is no way to avoid action (karma), since abstention from work is also an action. These are the three starting points for the Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy. According to Edwin Bryant and Maria Ekstrand, this school incorporates and integrates aspects of "qualified monism, dualism, monistic dualism, and pure nondualism". According to the Upanishads when a person is about to die, his senses are withdrawn into the mind, the mind into the breath. John C. Plott et al. [166][167] Like some of the Upanishads, the Gita does not limit itself to the nirguna Brahman. [267][268][note 20] Vinoba Bhave has written the Geeta in Marathi language as Geetai i.e. [95][note 10] The metered verse does not rhyme. [168] This theme has led scholars to call the Gita as panentheistic,[166] theistic and monistic. A. Their happiness comes from within, and the external world does not bother them. [136], Some translators title the chapter as Aksara–Brahma yoga, Religion by Devotion to the One Supreme God, The Eternal Godhead, or The Yoga of the Imperishable Brahman. [125] Krishna answers that both are paths to the same goal, but the path of "selfless action and service" with inner renunciation is better. In bhagavad gita chapter 2 it is given that the soul changes its body just like we change our clothes. Like the Upanishads, the Gita focuses on what it considers as Real in this world of change, impermanence, and finitude. [31], Swami Vivekananda, the 19th-century Hindu monk and Vedantist, stated that the Bhagavad Gita may be old but it was mostly unknown in the Indian history till early 8th century when Adi Shankara (Shankaracharya) made it famous by writing his much-followed commentary on it. Now Lord Krishna speaks of the path by which there is a return of rebirth [10] The text covers Gyān, Bhakti, Karma, and Rāj Yoga (spoken of in the 6th chapter)[12] incorporating ideas from the Samkhya-Yoga philosophy. In this context, the Gita advises Arjuna to do his holy duty (sva-dharma) as a warrior, fight and kill. The Gita in the title of the Bhagavad Gita means "song". Short Essay on Bhagavad Gita. [99][note 11] Two massive armies have gathered to destroy the other. Mascaró 2.19 41Kaṭha Upaniṣad Part 2 tr. Bhakti is the most important means of attaining liberation. [46], Linguistically, the Bhagavad Gita is in classical Sanskrit of the early variety, states the Gita scholar Winthrop Sargeant. The setting of the Gita in a battlefield has been interpreted as an allegory for the ethical and moral struggles of the human life. Swami Gambhirananda characterises Madhusudana Sarasvati's system as a successive approach in which Karma yoga leads to Bhakti yoga, which in turn leads to Jnana yoga:[202], Some scholars treat the "yoga of meditation" to be a distinct fourth path taught in the Gita, referring to it as Raja yoga. NV Isaeva (1992), Shankara and Indian Philosophy, State University of New York Press. "[357] He deduced from the Gita the doctrine that "the functions of a man ought to be determined by his natural turn, gift, and capacities",[357] that the individual should "develop freely"[357] and thereby would be best able to serve society. Mark Cubbon. [32][33] Some infer, states Vivekananda, that "Shankaracharya was the author of Gita, and that it was he who foisted it into the body of the Mahabharata. According to some, Bhagavad Gita is written by Lord Ganesha which was told to him by Vyasa. The work is also known as the Iswara Gita, the Ananta Gita, the Hari Gita, the Vyasa Gita, or simply the Gita. It also "relegates the sacrificial system of the early Vedic literature to a path that goes nowhere because it is based on desires", states Bryant. [101][103] The compiled dialogue goes far beyond the "a rationale for war"; it touches on many human ethical dilemmas, philosophical issues and life's choices. Gandhi called the Gita "The Gospel of Selfless Action". [38][note 5], Theories on the date of the composition of the Gita vary considerably. [343] Neo-Hindus such as Bankim Chandra Chatterjee, states Hacker, have preferred to not translate it in those terms, or "dharma" as religion, but leave Gita's message as "everyone must follow his sva-dharma". [222] The Gita message emphasizes that the personal moral confusion and struggle must be addressed, the warrior needs to rise beyond "personal and social values" and understand what is at stake and "why he must fight", states Miller. The warrior Arjuna whose past had focused on learning the skills of his profession now faces a war he has doubts about. [207][208], According to Edwin Bryant, the Indologist with publications on Krishna-related Hindu traditions, the Gita rejects "actionless behavior" found in some Indic monastic traditions. [348] Similar criticism of the Gita has been published by Damodar Dharmananda Kosambi, another Marxist historian. [142] This is an idea found in the Rigveda and many later Hindu texts, where it is a symbolism for atman (soul) and Brahman (Absolute Reality) eternally pervading all beings and all existence. Krishna states that his own highest nature is the imperishable Brahman, and that he lives in every creature as the adhyatman. Every man or woman is bound by activity. [114], Some translators title the chapter as Sankhya Yoga, The Book of Doctrines, Self-Realization, or The Yoga of Knowledge (and Philosophy). Just as Arjuna is taught to remain unattached to his actions, Krishna is unattached to his actions during the birth, death, and rebirth of creation. [198][199], The Gita praises the path, calling the jnana yogin to be exceedingly dear to Krishna, but adds that the path is steep and difficult. Alloveda 40 :- Bhagavad Gita 6:40-42 : birth Death and rebirth : cell genesis , apoptosis and cell regeneration Krishna states that he is everywhere and in everything in an unmanifested form, yet he is not in any way limited by them. The Hinduism scholar Jeaneane Fowler, in her commentary on the Gita, considers second century BCE to be the probable date of composition. Years later he would explain that another verse had also entered his head at that time: We knew the world would not be the same. [266] The Bhaktivedanta Book Trust associated with ISKCON has re-translated and published A.C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada's 1972 English translation of the Gita in 56 non-Indian languages. The Gita Press has published the Gita in multiple Indian languages. [362] Bakim Chandra Chatterji, the author of Vande Mataram – the national song of India, challenged orientalist literature on Hinduism and offered his interpretations of the Gita, states Ajit Ray. [96] Each shloka consists of a couplet, thus the entire text consists of 1,400 lines. the suns waning southern course guided on these paths those who performed [53] The Bhagavad Gita is a "summation of the Vedanta", states Sargeant. Soul never dies & the body always withers & dies. Once the soul leaves the body, the person becomes lifeless. cessation of rebirth no longer returning to the material existence as Given Krishna 's religion of Gita replicating the structure of he calls the bhagavad gita death and rebirth the! 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